DEPENDABILITY, №2(49)-2014

Structural reliability. The theory and practice

• Pegushin S.L., Shumikhin A.G.
  ASSESSMENT OF DEPENDABILITY, THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF AUTOMATION SYSTEMS FAILURES OF REFINERIES BASED ON THE COMMON DATABASE APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL CONTROL (CAM) DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL DATA

The dependability of the organizational and technical automated control systems is an important constituent of their quality and indispensable condition of safety assurance of hazardous production facilities of oil refining. Dependability assessment and maintainability of automated control systems are provided by national and international standards and other regulations. The purpose of this assessment is to obtain quantitative information about the properties of systems required to develop and implement well-grounded, effective design and operational decisions to ensure the dependability and safety of industrial facilities. Building-up of common database of automated systems life cycle stages, including the design and operational data, such as CAM (industrial control), of hardware and software failures allows determining the real dependability indices of equipment in operation in view of design decisions and installation peculiarities.
Keywords: oil refining, production process, automated control system, dependability, causes and consequences of failures, analysis.

• Medvedev A.M.
  PRINTED-CIRCUIT BOARDS. RELIABILITY OF INTERCONNECTIONS

Stability of metallization of holes to thermomechanical pressure is provided with durability and plasticity of galvanic besieged copper. Distinctions in factors of thermal expansion of copper and the dielectric bases of printed-circuit boards create powerful thermomechanical factors of rupture of metallization of apertures, destructions of internal interconnections in multilayered structures of printed-circuit boards. Standard norms of requirements to a thickness of metallization of apertures, its durability and plasticity of copper were established in the course of manufacture of ordinary printed-circuit boards with reference to use of traditional technologies of the soldering by tin-lead solders. Return to consideration of a problem of plasticity of copper is caused first of all by transition on the Lead-free solders, initiated by the all-European Directive RoHS [1], rations different by a heat. More heats create the big deformations of metallization of holes those forces to reconsider requirements to plasticity of copper. At the same time, the tendency to reduction of diameter of the metallized holes, so also to reduction of the area of cross-section section of metallization is everywhere observed. Smaller sections have smaller resistance to rupture. Therefore, along with good plasticity, metallization of holes of printed-circuit boards should provide and higher breaking strength. In this connection deformation of metallization of holes at heating to soldering temperatures has been investigated. The purpose of researches - revision of norms on plasticity of copper in holes of printed-circuit boards. It is shown that plasticity copper deposition in holes of modern printed-circuit boards should not be less than 6 % [2]. Modern cupper electrolytes allow to receive plasticity of copper of 12-18 % [3].
Keywords: interconnection, plasticity of copper.

• Damzen V.A., Elistratov S.V.
  RELIABILITY STUDY OF CAR TYRES

In article the main reasons defining reliability of car tires are considered. On the basis of statistical data values of the main measuring instruments of durability of tires are defined.
Keywords: car tires, reliability of tires, resource of car tires.

• Pereguda A.I.
  MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A PRODUCT DEPENDABILITY SUBJECTED TO IMPACT LOADS

The paper deals with a mathematical model of dependability in view of a product load accumulation caused by cyclic impact loads. Studying the process of crossing random strength level by accumulated load under repeated impact disturbances allowed obtaining a mathematical model that makes possible to calculate dependability and durability indices. The obtained final relations of dependability indices have a simple form, which can be used in practical calculations.
Keywords: damage accumulation, impact load, distribution of sums of random variables, dependability index, durability, estimated mean, impact, crossings of the level.

• Volodarsky V.A.
  THE ISSUE OF ACCURACY OF INFORMATION ASSIGNMENT FOR OPTIMIZATION OF PREVENTIVE REPLACEMENTS

The paper offers a method for researching the stability and sensitivity of models of preventive replacement optimization that allows for justification of the accuracy of initial economic information assignment.
Keywords: model, optimization, replacement, stability, sensibility, accuracy.

Functional reliability. The theory and practice

• Abramova N.A., Kovriga S.V., Makarenko D.I.
  PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF COMPLEX HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE SYSTEMS PRIORITIZING MITIGATION OF RISKS CAUSED BY HUMAN FACTOR

In order to reduce the impact of human factor on risks of hazard in operation for the design of safety-critical hardware and software systems, several new principles have been suggested to increase the quality of such systems' design. The findings presented in this paper are based, on the one hand, on psychological and interdisciplinary researches and, on the other hand, on the analysis of the designing practice of complex hardware and software systems of the atomic energy industry.
Keywords: hazardous facility, safety, hardware and software system, reliability, human factor-related risks, design quality management.

Functional safety. The theory and practice

• Gapanovich V.A., Rozenberg E.N., Shubinsky I.B.
  SOME CONCEPTS OF FAIL-SAFETY AND CYBER PROTECTION OF CONTROL SYSTEMSS

The paper provides some definition of a hazardous failure and fail-safety, discusses relations and principal differences between functional reliability and functional safety, and analyzes alternatives for ensuring fail-safety of control systems. The paper considers major threats to cyber security, ways of implementing cyber attacks, offers a concept of ensuring a guaranteed cyber protection level of control systems.
Keywords: reliability, failure, hazardous failure, functional safety, fail-safety, cyber attack, cyber space, cyber protection.

• Bochkov K. A., Sivko B.V.
  CHOICE AND DEFINITION OF SAFETY FUNCTION AT VERIFICATION OF MICROPROCESSOR BASED SYSTEMS OF RAILWAY AUTOMATICS AND TELEMECHANICS

The paper is devoted the issues of definition, formalization and choice of safety function used at the development and correctness demonstration of microprocessor systems’ software of railway automatics and telemechanics. It also gives techniques of safety function search and change based on technical project, limitation of resources, applied safety strategy and the general requirements for system performance.
Keywords: verification, validation, functional safety, safety function, correctness demonstration, safety-critical objects of informatization.

Standardization

• Netes V.A., Tarasyev Y.I., Shper V.L.
  TOPICAL ISSUES OF TERMINOLOGY STANDARDIZATION IN DEPENDABILITY

Nearly four centuries ago the English philosopher Francis Bacon, in his treatise "The New Organon" wrote: "Loud and solemn debates of scientists often turn into disputes about words and names, and it would be prudent (according to custom and wisdom of mathematicians) to start with them and through the definitions put them in order ". Publications on dependability in Russian began to appear in the mid of 1950-th, therefore in the early of 1960-th the necessity appeared for the basic concepts in this area "through the definitions to put them in order". The first document of this kind was developed by the USSR Academy of Sciences during 1960 - 1961 and published in 1962 [1]. Such eminent scientists and experts as A.I. Berg, N.G. Bruyevich, B.V. Gnedenko, V.I. Siforov, Y.M. Sorin, I.A. Ushakov, Y.B. Shore and other took part in development of the document. Terms were viewed from the perspective of linguistic standards compliance at the Institute of Russian of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The project was released in the edition of 600 copies and distributed for discussion. Later on, 110 reviews with comments and suggestions were received. We can only dream of such a level and scale of development!
Keywords: of terminology standardization, IEC, GOST, standardization for dependability.

Information

• Book by Shubinsky I.B. «Structural Reliability of Information Systems»
• Book by Shubinsky I.B. «Functional Reliability of Information Systems»
  
• Training courses in reliability - Gnedenko Forum